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What were programmes written in long before C++ and Python? Filio Force Canada managers recalled the history of programming languages and told us where it all began.
The first programmers
Did you know that the first programmers appeared long before computers were invented? Al-Jazari’s humanoid automaton, Jacquard’s loom and Babbage’s analytical machine were already programmable devices. The algorithm of actions was given to the automaton by means of cams and clamps, to the loom and machine – by punched cards. Ada Lyvles, daughter of the famous British poet George Byron, even wrote the first algorithm in history, intended to be executed on Babbage’s machine – to calculate Bernoulli numbers. It is she who is often referred to as the first computer programmer. Lyvles also foresaw many uses for computers beyond simple computation.
Machine code automation
Electronic computing machines work with commands consisting of zeros and ones – machine code. But such language is cumbersome and inconvenient. That’s why specialists thought about automating machine code. In the late 1940s – early 1950s, the asambler language was invented and began to be used. It used letters or shortened words to denote objects and commands. It was a low-level language, i.e. created for a specific type of processor. It greatly simplified the labour of programmers, according to the developers of Filio Force it company.
Following the asebler appeared the so-called high-level languages. Unlike their predecessors, they were not tied to specific devices. Compilers were created for them – translators of programmes created in high-level languages into machine code. The first of them was Shortcode. In the 1950s, William Schmidt adapted it for the Univac computer. From 1954 to 1957, IBM under the leadership of John Backus developed the famous Fortran language. It was used for technical calculations and scientific tasks, and also became the first relatively mass programming language. Fortran is still used today, mainly for complex calculations.
The success of Fortran forced competitors to act. The German Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics set up a committee to develop a new universal programming language. The American Association for Computing Machinery did the same. However, instead of confrontation, the result was co-operation. As a result, the Algol language was created – the grandfather of Java, Pascal and C++. Algol, as well as Fortran, was widely spread. The language was characterised by its block structure, which was progressive for that time and later became a standard.
Other contemporaries of Fortran and Algol are the LISP and COBOL languages. The first one is based on list processing and is still in use, the second one was created for economic processes. It too is still in use and is still used in banking systems.
Structural programming
In the late 1960s, the so-called structural programming was formed based on the idea of a programme as a system of blocks. Dutch programmer Edsger Dijkstra is considered to be the father of this methodology. The new paradigm allowed optimising the code and making it more compact by introducing functions and procedures. The next great achievement was the appearance of classes – structures containing both variables and functions working with them.
Object-oriented programming
In the 1970s and early 1980s, object-oriented programming appeared on the scene. It combined the developments of structural programming with innovations like subtype polymorphism. The first OOP languages were Simula and Smalltalk based on it. The latter brought many ideas and concepts to programming that are still relevant today: interaction between elements via messages, the ability to edit code on the fly and dynamic typing. Smalltalk is still around today and is used for individual operations.
In the 1970s, the C language appeared – the forefather of C#, Java, Phyton and others. It was created by Dennis Ritchey. He is also known as the key developer of the Unix operating system.
Filio Force development managers will continue their journey through the history of programming in the second part of our material. There we will talk about Java, Phyton and other programming languages.
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